Back to directory
SovEU · Atlas · European alternatives · password-manager
European alternatives to 1Password
European companies mapped as alternatives to 1Password. Each carries an evidence-led sovereignty profile — jurisdiction, hosting, US exposure, DPA and more — reviewed by SovEU. Profiles are descriptive, not a compliance verdict.
2 alternatives
68DE
Psono
Open-source password manager for teams operated by esaqa GmbH in Germany; self-hostable.
European companyOpen source
MediumView →
50US
Bitwarden
Open-source password manager. The company is US-based; the server is open source and can be self-hosted (including the community Vaultwarden server) within Europe.
Open source
MediumView →
Compare side by side
The same evidence-led signals across each alternative. A blank cell (“—”) means the signal isn't recorded — never a negative claim — and the score is a transparent signal score, not a compliance verdict.
| Signal | PsonoDE | BitwardenUS |
|---|---|---|
| Sovereignty score | 78/ 100Strong sovereignty signals | 60/ 100Moderate sovereignty signals |
| HQ jurisdiction | Germany | United States |
| Primary hosting region | — | — |
| EU data residency option | — | — |
| US cloud dependency | — | — |
| Data Processing Agreement | — | — |
| Subprocessor list published | — | — |
| Self-hosting option | Yes | Yes |
| Open source | Yes | Yes |